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Boii (Latin plural, singular
Boius; Greek
Βοιοι) is the Ancient Rome name of an ancient Celtic tribes, attested at various times in Transalpine
Gaul (modern
France) and Cisalpine Gaul (northern
Italy), as well as in Pannonia (today Western Hungary), Bohemia, Moravia and western Slovakia.
Etymology and name
There is no commonly accepted etymology for the name
Boii. It might be explained either as a Celtic term for "warriors", or as "cattle owners" (from IE
*gwowjeh³s)Birkhan, Helmut: "Die Kelten", Wien, 1997, S. 99. Contemporary derived words include Boiorix (
king of the Boii, one of the chieftains of the
Cimbri) and
Boiodurum (
gate/fort of the Boii, modern Passau) in Germany.
Their memory also survives in the modern regional names of Bohemia (Germanic form found in a Roman source
Boio-haemum = home of the Boii), and 'Bayern', Bavaria, which is derived from the Germanic peoples
Baioarii tribe (Germ.
*baio-warioz: the first component is most plausibly explained as a Germanic version of
Boii; the second part is a common formational morpheme of Germanic tribal names, meaning 'dwellers', as in Anglo-Saxon language
-ware)Indoeuropean short
o, as in the Celtic
Boii, developed to
a in Germanic. As far as its formation is concerned, the name seems to be a hybrid between Celtic or Latin and Germanic, as the thematic vowel
bai-o'- would have to be an a in a Germanic compound (cf. Celtic ambio-rix vs. Germanic þiuda-reiks, "Theoderic"). This, however, should not be used as an argument against the 'traditional' etymology, as such forms are quite common (cf. Raetovarii, an Allemanic tribe) and are most likely influenced by the Latin background of the ancient writers.; this combination "Boii-dwellers" may have meant "those who dwell where the Boii formerly dwelt".
Modern misconceptions
Despite the derivation of the name, the ancient Boii should neither be confused with the present-day inhabitants of Bavaria in
Germany, nor those of Bohemia in the
Czech Republic.
The claim that family names such as "
Boyer,
Bowyer,
Baier, and
Boiar (among other variants throughout history) reflect descent from the Boii"This claim has been repeatedly published within this article, and has subsequently been removed to the above section on
Modern misconceptions., as to some degree stated on the following webpage , is historically unsustainable as there is not the slightest evidence in favour of any kind of continuity of family names between Antiquity and the Late Middle Ages . Modern French, English, or German family names do not normally date back to a time before the High Middle Ages.The names in questions are much more convincingly explained as "cow-herder" (Boyer < bouvier), "bow-maker" (Bowyer - parallel formation to "lawyer"), and "person from Bavaria" (Baier/Bayer). Feeble phonological parallels do not automatically prove etymological descent, even less so genetic.
History
According to the classical authors, the Boii crossed
Poeninus mons (the
Great St Bernard Pass) and settled in the
Po River plain, where they subjugated the local
Etruscan civilization.For the following, cf. Polybius 2,17,7; Strabo 4,195/5,216, and Livy 33,37.37.57 Other Celtic tribes, among them the Insubres, Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul),
Lingones and
Senones had also settled in Northern Italy, some of them, such as the Lepontii, since pre-historic times. The Boii occupied the old Etruscan settlement of
Felsina#History and renamed it
Bononia (Bologna). Archeological remains of their culture have been found at various sites, among others at Felsina, but also at Monte Bibele. Settlement forms as well as grave goods indicate a peaceful coexistence and probably intermarriage of Celtic and Etruscan populations.James, Simon: "Das Zeitalter der Kelten", Dusseldorf, 1996, pp 34f. (German) The English original is titled "Exploring the World of the Celts", Thames&Hudson, London, 1993, without page
In the second half of the 3rd century BC, the Boii allied with the other Cisalpine Gauls and the Etruscans against Rome. They also fought alongside Hannibal, killing the Roman general Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 and 229 BC), whose skull was then turned into a sacrificial bowl (Liv. XXIII, 24). A short time thereafter, they were defeated at
Battle of Telamon (224 BC) in 224 BC and eventually in
193 BC near Mutina (modern Modena). After the loss of their capital, a large portion of the Boii left Italy. Contrary to the interpretation of the classical writers, the Pannonian Boii attested in later sources are not simply the remnants of those who had fled from Italy, but rather another division of the tribe, which had settled there much earlier. The burial rites of the Italian Boii show many similarities with contemporary Bohemia, such as
inhumation, which was uncommon with the other Cisalpine Gauls, or the absence of the typically western Celtic torcs.Cunliffe, Barry: "The Ancient Celts", Penguin Books 1999, pp. 72f. This makes it much more likely that the Cisalpine Boii had actually originated from Bohemia rather than the other way round.Birkhan, p. 124 Having migrated to Italy from north of the Alps, some of the defeated Celts simply moved back to their kinsfolk.Other tribes of whom divisions are attested both in the 'Celtic homeland' and at the periphery include the Senones (Umbria and the Marne region), Lingones (Aemilia and the Langres plateau), Cenomani (Venetia and Maine), Tectosages (Galatia and Provence).
The Pannonian Boii are mentioned again in the late
2nd century bc when they repelled the
Cimbri and
Teutones (Strabo VII, 2, 2). Later on, they attacked the city of Noreia (in modern Austria) shortly before a group of Boii (32,000 according to Julius Caesar - the number is probably an exaggeration) joined the
Helvetii in their attempt to settle in western Gaul. After the Helvetian defeat at Bibracte, the influential Aedui tribe allowed the Boii survivors to settle on their territory, where they occupied the
oppidum of
Gorgobina. Although attacked by
Vercingetorix during one phase of the war, they supported him with 2.000 troops at the battle of
Alesia (Caes. Bell. Gall., VII, 75).
Again, other parts of the Boii had remained closer to their traditional home, and settled in the Hungary by the Danube and the
Mur, with a centre at
Bratislava. Around 40 BC they clashed with the rising power of the
Dacians under their king Burebista and were defeated. When the Romans finally conquered
Pannonia in 8 AD, the Boii seem not to have opposed them. Their former territory was now called
deserta Boiorum (deserta meaning 'empty or sparsely populated lands').Birkhan, p. 251. However, the Boii had not been exterminated: There was a
civitas Boiorum et Azaliorum (the Azalii being a neighbouring tribe) which was under the jurisdiction of a prefect of the Danube shore (
praefectus ripae Danuvii).CIL IX 5363) This civitas, a common Roman administrative term designating both a city and the tribal district around it, was later adjoined to the city of
Carnuntum.
References in ancient written sources
Sometime between 205 BC and 184 BC, T. Maccius Plautus refers to the Boii in his work,
Captivi:
At nunc Siculus non est, Boius est, Boiam terit
But now he is not a
Sicily — he is a Boian, he has got a Boian woman.
(There is a play on words:
Boia means "woman of the Boii", also "convicted criminal's restraint collar".)
In volume 21 of his work
Ab Urbe Condita (book), Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) claims that it was a Boian man that offered to show
Hannibal Barca the way across the
Alps.
When, after the action had thus occurred, his own men returned to each general, Publius Cornelius Scipio could adopt no fixed plan of proceeding, except that he should form his measures from the plans and undertakings of the enemy: and Hannibal, uncertain whether he should pursue the march he had commenced into Italy, or fight with the Roman army which had first presented itself, the arrival of ambassadors from the Boii, and of a petty prince called
Magalus, diverted from an immediate engagement; who, declaring that they would be the guides of his journey and the companions of his dangers, gave it as their opinion, that Italy ought to be attacked with the entire force of the war, his strength having been nowhere previously impaired.
In the 1st century BC, the Boii living in an
enclosed oppidum of Bratislava (Slovakia) minted
Biatecs, high-quality coins with inscriptions (probably the names of kings) in Latin letters. This is the only "written source" provided by the Boii themselves.
Sources
- T. Maccius Plautus, The Captiva and the Mostellaria, as published by Project Gutenberg, as published 1 January 2005 (EBook #7282) http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7282 Accessed 29 January 2005.
- Caius Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico and Other Commentaries, as published by Project Gutenberg, 9 January 2004 (EBook #10657) http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10657 Accessed 29 January 2005.
- Titus Livius, The History of Rome; Books Nine to Twenty-Six, as published by Project Gutenberg, 1 February 2004 (eBook #10907) http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10907 Accessed 31 January 2005.
- http://www.ualberta.ca/~kmacfarl/CLASS_355/9.LivyI.html. Says Livy wrote his famous work over 45 years from c. 29 BC - 17 AD.
- "Origins of the Boyer Family" by Neil A. Boyer, retrieved August 28, 2006.
Boii (Latin plural, singular
Boius; Greek
Βοιοι) is the
Ancient Rome name of an ancient
Celtic tribes, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul (modern
France) and
Cisalpine Gaul (northern
Italy), as well as in
Pannonia (today Western Hungary),
Bohemia,
Moravia and western
Slovakia.
Etymology and name
There is no commonly accepted etymology for the name
Boii. It might be explained either as a Celtic term for "warriors", or as "cattle owners" (from IE
*gwowjeh³s)Birkhan, Helmut: "Die Kelten", Wien, 1997, S. 99. Contemporary derived words include
Boiorix (
king of the Boii, one of the chieftains of the Cimbri) and
Boiodurum (
gate/fort of the Boii, modern Passau) in Germany.
Their memory also survives in the modern regional names of
Bohemia (Germanic form found in a Roman source
Boio-haemum = home of the Boii), and 'Bayern',
Bavaria, which is derived from the
Germanic peoples Baioarii tribe (Germ.
*baio-warioz: the first component is most plausibly explained as a Germanic version of
Boii; the second part is a common formational morpheme of Germanic tribal names, meaning 'dwellers', as in Anglo-Saxon language
-ware)Indoeuropean short
o, as in the Celtic
Boii, developed to
a in Germanic. As far as its formation is concerned, the name seems to be a hybrid between Celtic or Latin and Germanic, as the thematic vowel
bai-o'- would have to be an a in a Germanic compound (cf. Celtic ambio-rix vs. Germanic þiuda-reiks, "Theoderic"). This, however, should not be used as an argument against the 'traditional' etymology, as such forms are quite common (cf. Raetovarii, an Allemanic tribe) and are most likely influenced by the Latin background of the ancient writers.; this combination "Boii-dwellers" may have meant "those who dwell where the Boii formerly dwelt".
Modern misconceptions
Despite the derivation of the name, the ancient Boii should neither be confused with the present-day inhabitants of
Bavaria in
Germany, nor those of
Bohemia in the Czech Republic.
The claim that family names such as "
Boyer,
Bowyer,
Baier, and
Boiar (among other variants throughout history) reflect descent from the Boii"This claim has been repeatedly published within this article, and has subsequently been removed to the above section on
Modern misconceptions., as to some degree stated on the following webpage , is historically unsustainable as there is not the slightest evidence in favour of any kind of continuity of family names between Antiquity and the Late Middle Ages . Modern French, English, or German family names do not normally date back to a time before the High Middle Ages.The names in questions are much more convincingly explained as "cow-herder" (Boyer < bouvier), "bow-maker" (Bowyer - parallel formation to "lawyer"), and "person from Bavaria" (Baier/Bayer). Feeble phonological parallels do not automatically prove etymological descent, even less so genetic.
History
According to the classical authors, the Boii crossed
Poeninus mons (the
Great St Bernard Pass) and settled in the
Po River plain, where they subjugated the local Etruscan civilization.For the following, cf. Polybius 2,17,7; Strabo 4,195/5,216, and Livy 33,37.37.57 Other Celtic tribes, among them the Insubres,
Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul),
Lingones and
Senones had also settled in Northern Italy, some of them, such as the Lepontii, since pre-historic times. The Boii occupied the old Etruscan settlement of Felsina#History and renamed it
Bononia (Bologna). Archeological remains of their culture have been found at various sites, among others at Felsina, but also at Monte Bibele. Settlement forms as well as grave goods indicate a peaceful coexistence and probably intermarriage of Celtic and Etruscan populations.James, Simon: "Das Zeitalter der Kelten", Dusseldorf, 1996, pp 34f. (German) The English original is titled "Exploring the World of the Celts", Thames&Hudson, London, 1993, without page
In the second half of the 3rd century BC, the Boii allied with the other Cisalpine Gauls and the Etruscans against Rome. They also fought alongside Hannibal, killing the Roman general
Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 and 229 BC), whose skull was then turned into a sacrificial bowl (Liv. XXIII, 24). A short time thereafter, they were defeated at Battle of Telamon (224 BC) in 224 BC and eventually in 193 BC near Mutina (modern
Modena). After the loss of their capital, a large portion of the Boii left Italy. Contrary to the interpretation of the classical writers, the Pannonian Boii attested in later sources are not simply the remnants of those who had fled from Italy, but rather another division of the tribe, which had settled there much earlier. The burial rites of the Italian Boii show many similarities with contemporary Bohemia, such as inhumation, which was uncommon with the other Cisalpine Gauls, or the absence of the typically western Celtic torcs.Cunliffe, Barry: "The Ancient Celts", Penguin Books 1999, pp. 72f. This makes it much more likely that the Cisalpine Boii had actually originated from Bohemia rather than the other way round.Birkhan, p. 124 Having migrated to Italy from north of the Alps, some of the defeated Celts simply moved back to their kinsfolk.Other tribes of whom divisions are attested both in the 'Celtic homeland' and at the periphery include the Senones (Umbria and the Marne region), Lingones (Aemilia and the Langres plateau), Cenomani (Venetia and Maine), Tectosages (Galatia and Provence).
The Pannonian Boii are mentioned again in the late
2nd century bc when they repelled the Cimbri and
Teutones (Strabo VII, 2, 2). Later on, they attacked the city of
Noreia (in modern Austria) shortly before a group of Boii (32,000 according to Julius Caesar - the number is probably an exaggeration) joined the
Helvetii in their attempt to settle in western Gaul. After the Helvetian defeat at
Bibracte, the influential Aedui tribe allowed the Boii survivors to settle on their territory, where they occupied the
oppidum of Gorgobina. Although attacked by Vercingetorix during one phase of the war, they supported him with 2.000 troops at the battle of
Alesia (Caes. Bell. Gall., VII, 75).
Again, other parts of the Boii had remained closer to their traditional home, and settled in the Hungary by the Danube and the Mur, with a centre at
Bratislava. Around 40 BC they clashed with the rising power of the
Dacians under their king
Burebista and were defeated. When the Romans finally conquered
Pannonia in 8 AD, the Boii seem not to have opposed them. Their former territory was now called
deserta Boiorum (deserta meaning 'empty or sparsely populated lands').Birkhan, p. 251. However, the Boii had not been exterminated: There was a
civitas Boiorum et Azaliorum (the Azalii being a neighbouring tribe) which was under the jurisdiction of a prefect of the Danube shore (
praefectus ripae Danuvii).CIL IX 5363) This civitas, a common Roman administrative term designating both a city and the tribal district around it, was later adjoined to the city of
Carnuntum.
References in ancient written sources
Sometime between 205 BC and
184 BC, T. Maccius
Plautus refers to the Boii in his work,
Captivi:
At nunc Siculus non est, Boius est, Boiam terit
But now he is not a Sicily — he is a Boian, he has got a Boian woman.
(There is a play on words:
Boia means "woman of the Boii", also "convicted criminal's restraint collar".)
In volume 21 of his work
Ab Urbe Condita (book), Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) claims that it was a Boian man that offered to show Hannibal Barca the way across the
Alps.
When, after the action had thus occurred, his own men returned to each general,
Publius Cornelius Scipio could adopt no fixed plan of proceeding, except that he should form his measures from the plans and undertakings of the enemy: and Hannibal, uncertain whether he should pursue the march he had commenced into Italy, or fight with the Roman army which had first presented itself, the arrival of ambassadors from the Boii, and of a petty prince called
Magalus, diverted from an immediate engagement; who, declaring that they would be the guides of his journey and the companions of his dangers, gave it as their opinion, that Italy ought to be attacked with the entire force of the war, his strength having been nowhere previously impaired.
In the 1st century BC, the Boii living in an
enclosed oppidum of
Bratislava (Slovakia) minted Biatecs, high-quality coins with inscriptions (probably the names of kings) in Latin letters. This is the only "written source" provided by the Boii themselves.
Sources
- T. Maccius Plautus, The Captiva and the Mostellaria, as published by Project Gutenberg, as published 1 January 2005 (EBook #7282) http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7282 Accessed 29 January 2005.
- Caius Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico and Other Commentaries, as published by Project Gutenberg, 9 January 2004 (EBook #10657) http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10657 Accessed 29 January 2005.
- Titus Livius, The History of Rome; Books Nine to Twenty-Six, as published by Project Gutenberg, 1 February 2004 (eBook #10907) http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10907 Accessed 31 January 2005.
- http://www.ualberta.ca/~kmacfarl/CLASS_355/9.LivyI.html. Says Livy wrote his famous work over 45 years from c. 29 BC - 17 AD.
- "Origins of the Boyer Family" by Neil A. Boyer, retrieved August 28, 2006.
Boii - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Boii (Latin plural, singular Boius; Greek Βοιοι) is the Roman name of an ancient Celtic tribe, attested at various times in Transalpine Gaul (modern France) and Cisalpine Gaul ...
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BOII - Definition by AcronymFinder
What does BOII stand for?
Boii -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Britannica online encyclopedia article on Boii: a Celtic tribe, one section of which settled in Cisalpine Gaul around Bononia (Bologna, Italy) and another in what was later Bohemia ...
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